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by : BTF

Wednesday 13 July 2016

Kalender Pendidikan Tahun Ajaran 2015/2016

Berikut ini di sampaikan salinan Surat Keputusan dan Kalender Pendidikan Jawa Barat Tahun Pelajaran 2015/2016. dapat berubah sesuai keadaan dan kebutuhan setiap Kota dan Kabupaten.
































Sunday 22 May 2016

Menghilangkan Pesan Windows 7 Build 7100, 7600, dan 7601 Not Genuine

Bagi kita yang baru membeli komputer atau laptop setelah beberapa bulan mungkin akan muncul tampilan pesan Windows 7 Build 7100 / 7600 / 7601 Not Genuine disertai dengan hilangnya gambar dekstop/wall paper. Hal ini dikarenakan fungsi Update otomatis yang ada di komputer kita akan selalu menyala saat kita menghidupkan komputer atau laptop kita. Ketika kita terhubung ke Internet Sistem Operasi Windows 7 akan melakukan Update Otomastis dan mengidentifikasi keaslian Sistem Operasi Windows 7 yang kita gunakan.




Kenyataan yang terjadi setiap kita membeli komputer atau laptop di toko komputer sangat jarang menggunakan Sistem Operasi Windows yang asli kecuali penjual tersebut membeli laptop atau komputer tertentu yang sudah di Install Sistem Operasi Windows asli dari perusahaan laptop atau komputer tersebut. Hal ini sudah saya alami dua kali yang pertama adalah laptop saya sendiri dan laptop sekolah dan ketika saya telusuri teryata ada beberapa file yang ada di Windows 7 yang berfungsi untuk mengidentifikasi keaslian Windows yang saya gunakan. Cara yang paling mudah dan ampuh untuk menghilangkan pesan Windows Not Genuine adalah :

1. Klik Start atau tekan tombol Windows
2. Cari atau klik All Programs
3. Pilih folder Accessories
4. Cari dan klik kanan, Run as administrator pada Command Prompt

Cara Mengatasi This Copy of Windows is Not Genuine di Windows 7

5. Setelah itu ketik slmgr.vbs /upk, lalu enter

Cara Mengatasi This Copy of Windows is Not Genuine di Windows 7

6. Lalu ketik lagi slmgr.vbs /rearm, enter

Cara Mengatasi This Copy of Windows is Not Genuine di Windows 7

7. Restart lah komputer Anda.

8. Setelah komputer Anda Restart maka keterangan Windows Not Genuine akan hilang, akan tetapi wall paper dekstop anda masih terlihat hitam, untuk mengembalikan seperti semula dapat anda lakukan dengan cara klik kanan -> klik Personalize -> Pilih gambar untuk wall paper di dekstop lalu klik ok.

Sekian sharing dari saya semoga bermamfaat. Terimakasih telah berkunjung ke blog ini. ^_^

Friday 20 May 2016

Komputer Tidak Mau Menyala Saat Selesai Dirakit

Merakit Komputer PC adalah hal yang menyenagkan dan menguntungkan karena bila kita merakit kita bisa melihat bagian bagian dalam komputer yang unik serta kita bisa menyesuaikan kebutuhan perangkat kita sesuai keinginan ataupun biaya yang kita miliki contonya bila kita ingin komputer bisa menyimpan data banyak belilah hardisk yang kapasitasnya besar atau bila kita ingin komputer bisa bermain game terbaru maka kita bisa membeli VGA yang memorynya besar. Permasalahan umum yang sering muncul adalah bila kita melihat komputer tidak ada tampilan dilayar memang membingungkan, apalagi komputer itu akan kita gunakan. Ada beberapa faktor yang bisa terjadi pada komputer anda bila hal itu terjadi yaitu :
Masalah Pemasangan Perangkat.
  1.     Masalah pemasangan perangkat pada PC anda bisa mempengaruhi kinerja komputer anda, bila       anda tidak benar memasannya maka bisa jadi komputer anda tidak dapat berjalan, pada umumnya hal ini terjadi pada saat pemasangan RAM (Random Acces Memory) ataupun Kabel Power Suppy yang keduannya menempel pada Main Board, berikut ini gambar pemasangan yang benar : 
    Pada pemasangan RAM harus pas dan terkunci di Slot RAM nya.
Pemasangan Kabel dilakukan dengan Pas dan rapih.

2. Masahal berikutnya adalah terbalik memasang jumper ataupun conector mainboard. Dalam Mainboard disediakan paling tidak 2 jumper, jumper ini berfungsi untuk mengalirkan arus dan memutus arus. Jadi komputer dapat kita kunci dengan alat ini. Permasalahanya bila kita terbalik memasang jumper maka arus untuk mainboard sebagai papan induk penghubung semua kompunen bagian dalam cpu tidak memiliki arus listrik. Terbalik memasang conector Power juga mengakibatkan komputer tidak nyala saat di tekan tombol power.




Kesalahan memasang jumper dan conector membuat Komputer tidak nyala.

3. Pemasangan Kabel Data atau kabel Arus Hardisk kurang pas. Pemasangan kedua kabel ini harus pas sesuai bentuk slotnya, jangan terlalu dipaksa karena dapat merusak slot hardisk atau slot kabelnya. Bila kita kurang pas atau kurang kencang memasang kabel kabel ini maka yang terjadi adalah komputer dapat nyala pada awalnya tetapi tidak bisa masuk ke Windows (Tidak dapat digunakan).



 Pemasangan kabel data dan kabel arus dilakukan dengan pas dan di pasang di slot Mainboard yang benar.

4. Lupa Memberi Pasta Prosesor
Bila kita lupa memberi pasta Prosesor, maka komputer yang telah kita rakit dan jalankan pada awalnya berjalan dengan baik tapi beberapa menit kemudian akan me-Restart sendiri dan akan terus-menerus seperti itu. Hal ini disebabkan karena Prosesor mengalami panas berlebih sehingga BIOS akan memerintahkan merestart komputer sendiri agar prosesor tidak terbakar.

5. Membeli VGA tidak sesuai spesifikasi Mainboard.
Bila anda membeli VGA eksternal tidak sesuai spesifikasi mainboard maka yang terjadi adalah pertama VGA tidak bisa dipasang pada Mainboard dan kalaupun bisa maka tidak akan muncul tampilan apapun pada layar komputer.

Sekian share dari saya bila ada waktu lenggang akan di sahre lagi artikel artikel yang lebih menarik.







Wednesday 4 May 2016

Israel is losing its friends in the world

Tuesday 19 April 2016

INDONESIA DEFENCE

PRC Maritime Aggression Sparking Rising Southeast Asian Defense Build up Article by Nobuyuki Aoki in Singapore: "Chain-Link Military Buildups in Southeast Asia -- 1.5-Fold Increase in Defense Spending Over Past Decade To Counter China's Military Assertiveness in East, South China Sea" -

Sankei Shimbun Online
Saturday June 11, 2011 08:34:38 GMT
modernization of their arsenals in order to counteract China, which is moving to expand its maritime hegemony in the region.

Considering the rising weapons and equipment procurement by the major countries in the region, which are increasing their defense budgets in tandem with their economic growth, it is clear that the growing seriousness of the situation in the South China Sea is causing chain-link military build-ups, which are focusing on the patrolling and surveillance of the isla nds in the area.

Indonesia, which takes pride in being a leader of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), will purchase 180 Russian-made Sukhoi fighter planes f rom 2015 to 2020 and Buy 2 Kilo Class  Submarine. In addition to increasing its number of frigates, Indonesia will also purchase two submarines, with Russia, South Korea, and Germany chosen as the candidates to supply the submarines.

Meanwhile, the United States has been holding the multilateral "Cobra Gold" and the "Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training" (CARAT) military exercises with various Southeast Asian countries. The United States has been promoting its military assistance for the region and strengthening countries' rapid response capabilities. Just recently from 25 June, the United States military carried out a CARAT exercise with Indonesia, with 1,600 US naval personnel, the guided-missile destroyer USS Howard, and other assets participating.

It appears that from now the United States will further boost its military cooperation and interoperability with Southeast Asia to counter China.

(Description of Source: Tokyo Sankei Shimbun Online in Japanese -- Website of daily published by Fuji Sankei Communications Group; URL:
http://sankei.jp.msn.com)Attachments:Sankei10June--Defense.pdf

Material in the World News Connection is generally copyrighted by the source cited. Permission for use must be obtained from the copyright holder. Inquiries regarding use may be directed to NTIS, US Dept. of Commerce.


Analysis on Russian arms dealings, plus more details on Putin's visit to Indonesia

Email-ID 366670
Date 2016-03-15 20:33:33
From os@stratfor.com
To aditio.setiawan65@gmail.com
[OS] RUSSIA, APEC - Analysis on Russian arms dealings, plus more details on Putin's visit to Indonesia


Russia arms old and new friends in Asia

By Donald Greenlees

[IMG] E-Mail Article

HONG KONG: On the way to the annual summit meeting of Asia-Pacific leaders in Australia, President Vladimir Putin of Russia has scheduled a brief stop-off in Jakarta on Thursday. High on Putin's agenda: the signing of a $1 billion arms deal that includes supplying Indonesia with two Kilo-class submarines, the first of a small fleet of the vessels.

It comes on the heels of other deals to sell advanced Su-27 and Su-30 combat fighters to Indonesia, Malaysia and other countries in the region, helping to entrench Russia's place as the leading arms supplier to Asia.

The signs that the Russian bear wants to return to its old stamping grounds in East Asia and the Pacific have become increasingly apparent in recent times, analysts say.

On Aug. 8, in what looked like a rehash of a Cold War script, two Russian strategic bombers flew provocatively close to a U.S. military base at Guam. According to the Russian account, U.S. fighter jets were scrambled to meet the nuclear-capable Tu-95 Bear aircraft in a ritual from past decades, the opposing pilots exchanging smiles. U.S. officials denied the interception took place.

After beating a strategic retreat from the region with the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, analysts say Russia is making a steady comeback with a more modern agenda for exercising regional military and economic power.

The Russian regional resurgence is still in its early stages, but it could potentially have a significant impact on the strategic environment in East Asia and the Pacific in the next two decades.

Russia, already the leading exporter of weapons to Asia, is aggressively promoting new arms sales. It has ambitious long-term plans to restore the strength of its depleted Pacific fleet and Far East forces. And it will become increasingly vital to Asia's energy security as it directs a greater share of oil and gas exports to the region.

"The West and the Pacific community must come to terms with the fact that
Russia is back," said Alexey Muraviev, author of several works on Russia's
military presence in the region. "Russia no longer wants to be driven by a
Europe-Atlantic agenda alone."

Muraviev, a strategic analyst at Curtin University of Technology in
Australia, said among the clearest manifestations of Russia's aim to once
again become a "formidable Pacific player" were the growing use of weapons
exports for diplomatic and commercial gain and plans to significantly
increase the firepower of its own military forces deployed in Asia.

Some aspects of the Russian role in the military affairs of the region are already well entrenched.

Between 1998 and 2005, Russia struck agreements for $29.1 billion in arms sales to Asian countries, accounting for about 37 percent of the market, according to a report to the U.S. Congress on arms transfers to the developing world by the Congressional Research Service. New arms deals signed by the United States during that period accounted for about aquarter of the market.

The consumption of Russian military hardware has been led by two traditional customers, China and India, as both spend billions of dollars to rapidly expand their military capabilities by buying Russian combat aircraft, warships, submarines and missiles. Russia has been deepening both of those relationships by establishing joint-development programs of some weapons and agreeing to license the manufacture of others.

But it has also been aggressively seeking new clients.

In Asia, the congressional report said, "Russia's arms sales efforts,
beyond those with China and India, are focused on Southeast Asia." It said
Russia had agreed to flexible payment terms including "countertrade,
offsets, debt-swapping and, in some key cases, to make significant
licensed production agreements" to make weapons deals more appealing to
relatively poor customers.

The latest deal with Indonesia for Kilo-class submarines, jet fighters,
helicopters and tanks hinges on access to a $1 billion Russian loan to be
signed during Putin's visit, the first to Indonesia by a Russian leader
since the end of the Soviet Union.

Putin, who will travel on to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum
meeting in Sydney this weekend, will be discussing several economic
agreements with Jakarta, including a joint aluminum smelting project.
Russia has also expressed interest in building a joint satellite launching
facility on the eastern Indonesian island of Biak.

But the spearhead for Russia's engagement across the region has so far
been weapons exports. According to the United Nations conventional arms
register, Russia has in recent years exported advanced fighter aircraft,
attack helicopters, missiles, tanks and artillery to countries including
Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Laos and South Korea,
usually on terms favorable to the buyers.

Payment terms aside, billion-dollar foreign contracts have helped sustain
the cash-strapped Russian defense industry during times when domestic
purchases of new hardware have been low.

Arms diplomacy can also help Russia rebuild diplomatic relationships and
gain leverage in the region. Indonesia, which was cut off from access to
U.S. military equipment and vital parts for several years because of
Washington's objection to its human rights record, knows how effective
arms sales can be as a diplomatic tool. The United States has since
restored military ties to reward Indonesia for its cooperation in efforts
against terror.

"The Russians are not indiscriminately selling arms," Muraviev said.
"Russia has pursued a policy driven by strategic design. If it creates a
strong client base, that can later be transformed into a larger
relationship."

Some arms sales have put Russia at loggerheads with the United States and
its regional allies. In 2005, Russia made a $700 million agreement with
Iran for a surface-to-air defense system. For several years from the
mid-1990s, Russia had an agreement with the United States not to sell
weapons to Iran.

Similarly, Russia's sale of the capable Kilo-class submarines to Indonesia might not be a welcome move for some of its neighbors.

Russia's agenda to increase its regional influence goes well beyond the role of arms dealer. It has also announced ambitious plans to restore the might of its Pacific fleet and Far East forces, which declined sharply after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Indonesia Modernization Weapon System.


Indonesia Missile(Yakont - Russia) Test.



Indonesia Building and Test Balistic Rocket 120 Km (RX 420 Version)



KRI Klewang New Version. (Stealt Warship made in Indonesia)



Wow out preaching media, Indonesia buy 2A6 Leopard Tank. 



Hahahaha surprise.



Indonesia Shukhoi 35 Flight Test.


Indonesia Kilo Class Submarine, look this flag.


Leopard 2A4 Indonesia.


Leopard Revolution With Mr. Susilo Bambang Yudoyono.


ANOA APV (Armor Personel Vehicle), Made in Indonesia.


New Version from PT. Pindad, Bandung, Indonesia.


Indonesia Big Plan.

Thanks for waching. To be Continue.

Thursday 14 April 2016

Suku Lima The Movie

Suku Lima The Movie Joke hehehehehe.....



















Thanks for waching.

ISRAEL NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAM


STATUS ISRAEL NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAM
1976 April 14, 10:28 (Wednesday)
1976TELAV02671_b
CONFIDENTIAL
UNCLASSIFIED
-- N/A or Blank --
3165
GS
TEXT ON MICROFILM,TEXT ONLINE
-- N/A or Blank --
TE - Telegram (cable)
-- N/A or Blank --

ACTION OES - Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
Electronic Telegrams
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006




(D) IAEA VIENNA 1953 1. SCIATT MET WITH DR. YOKA ADAR, DIRECTOR FOREIGN RELATIONS, ISRAEL ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION ON APRIL 12. DURING COURSE OF CONVERSATION ADAR PROVIDED THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
(A) COMMISSIONERS, WITH PRIME MINISTER RABIN PRESENT AS CHAIRMAN, MET LAST WEEK TO DISCUSS DRAFT AGREEMENT PROVIDED BY REF A. ADAR BELIEVES THERE ARE NO MAJOR ISSUES BUT IAEC DIRECTOR UZI EILAM HAS SOME "CONCERNS". AS TO EXACTLY WHAT CONCERNS, ADAR NOT WILLING TO STATE. HE DID SAY DRAFT AGREEMENT CONSIDERED TO BE MUCH MORE FAVORABLE THAN ONE IN PAST.

(B) NSSS (NUCLEAR STEAM SUPPLY SYSTEM) SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ASKED TO EXTEND BIDS TO SEPTEMBER 1 WITH NO CHANGE IN APRIL 1, 1985 OPERATIONAL DATE.

(C) ALTHOUGH INFERRING OFFICIAL RESPONSE TO CONFIDENTIAL CONFIDENTIAL PAGE 02 TEL AV 02671 141128Z DRAFT AGREEMENT IN NEAR FUTURE, ADAR QUESTIONED EFFECT ON US, IF THERE WERE FURTHER DELAY WITH ISRAELI AGREEMENT. SCIATT RESPONDED WITH GIST OF PARA 2 REF A ON DESIRABILITY OF PROCEEDING IN TANDEM, ETC. ADAR STATED THEY APPRECIATE THE NEED FOR SYMMETRY IN AGREEMENTS AND WERE SENSITIVE TO POTENTIAL PROBLEMS IN ELECTION YEAR OF CONGRESSIONAL REVIEW DELAYS.

(D) HE DISCUSSED ISRAELIS CONTINUED INTEREST IN A DUAL NUCLEAR POWER WATER DESALTING PLANT AND INDICATED DEFINITE PLANNING FOR THIS TYPE OPERATION WITH SECOND NUCLEAR POWER FACILITY. IAEC WOULD LIKE TO INCORPORATE WITH FIRST PLANT BUT ISRAEL ELECTRIC CORP. OBJECTS, ALTHOUGH IF THERE ARE CONTINUED DELAYS IN CONTRACTING THEN MAY BE POSSIBLE TO ADD TO FIRST.

( E) ADAR EXPRESSED INTEREST IN US COOPERATION IN DEVELOPING SEA WATER COOLING TOWER TECHNOLOGY FOR USE WITH NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. IAEC EVIDENTLY HAS HAD SOME LIMITED DISCUSSION WITH WESTINGHOUSE AND SOMEONE AT UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND. ISRAEL SEES POTENTIAL USE OF THIS TECHNOLOGY FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS LOCATED ALONG PROPOSED MEDITERRANEAN/DEAD SEA CANAL (REF B) WHERE FLOW RATE INSUFFICIENT FOR THROUGH-PUT COOLING. COMMENT: IF SUFFICIENT US INTEREST THIS COULD BE CONSIDERED AS POSSIBLE PROJECT FOR NEW BINATIONAL INDUSTRIAL R&D FOUNDATION SUPPORT.

(F) ADAR STATED CONSENSUS NOW THAT THERE IS NO COASTLINE FAULT AS PREVIOUSLY SUSPECTED BY SOME ISRAELIS, (SEE REF C) AND EXPRESSED IRRITATION THAT SEVERAL MILLION DOLLARS AND TIME HAD BEEN SPENT ON BASIS OF VERY QUESTIONABLE SUSPICIONS. GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY ANALYSIS WILL BE COMPLETED BY SEPTEMBER.

(G) EKLUND VISIT (REF D) WAS DESCRIBED AS TOURISTIC WITH NO SUBSTANTIVE DISCUSSIONS.

 2. REQUEST DEPARTMENT ADVICE AND COMMENT.

CONFIDENTIAL


Nuclear Weapon Israel Progres :

Fwd: [Letters to STRATFOR] RE: Nuclear geopolitic-Israel

Released on 2012-10-19 08:00 GMT
Email-ID 972626
Date 2009-05-28 18:01:12
From dial@stratfor.com
To responses@stratfor.com

Fwd: [Letters to STRATFOR] RE: Nuclear geopolitic-Israel


Begin forwarded message:

From: morasha18@msn.com
Date: May 28, 2009 12:10:01 AM CDT
To: letters@stratfor.com
Subject: [Letters to STRATFOR] RE: Nuclear geopolitic-Israel
Reply-To: morasha18@msn.com
Michael Archer sent a message using the contact form at
https://www.stratfor.com/contact.

The recent article regarding the geopolitical changes one could expect
from the rise of nations aquireing their own nuclear arsenal was a
thoughtful and sound rational overveiw of what one may expect for future
stability in the world community. However there is one aspect to the
various scenarioswhich strikes me as being novel to the mix. The rise of
Muslim extremeism in these latter times has introduced a fearful element
for which none of the rational end games have a quieting recourse. Put
simply, the dedicated religious Muslim mind is not rational, in a world
community context. The advent of their Messiah will be in chaos on earth
and the destruction of the Jewish peoples where ever they may be found.
This two pronged obsession for them knows no bounds and is most
assuredly
not hindered by community sanctions of any kind. All motivation for the
fulfillment of our greatest fears comes from an otherworldly source; the
dedication to which is best proved by fanatical deeds which will bring
the
longed for realigning of the world to their peculiar religious bent.
Obsession becomes the key word here as it applies to Israel. The
greatest
blessings can only be imagined, to the eager student of Allah who would
by
a single push of a button wipe out the main impediment to the Messiah's
coming- the existence of Israel. This I believe is the folly of the
Obama
"plan" to deal with Iran in such sophomoric overtures as have been seen
in
the last few weeks: failing to count the cost in the currency of the
Islamic dedication religiosly to their true cause. To this end I also
was
brought to ponder (by thie recent article) when the last time was that
Israel test fired a rocket showing their delivery prowess?? I wonder if
their secrecy about their nuclear capability is a paper tiger belying
the
reality that they are not prepared to compare favorably in the missle
delivery arena. What a dramatic bluff that would be, if we were to
believe
that the military powers that be could not bring themselves to offend
their
religious training in the Torah-re: the taking of human life. After all
is
said and read in the Bible their is scant mention of the use of such
devices in the prophecy regarding the discipline of the nations for
their
treatment of Israel. Oddly enough it speaks of horse armies coming down
into the valley of judgement from the King of the North and in another
place that blood would be up to the horese bridles from the carnage. Not
exactly the image one imagines the prophet seeing through the lens of a
smart bomb guidance camera!!! Thanks for the platform to pose the
question
about Israel's capabilities.







Secret Israel - US Document. Thanks Geoni Leardo and hacking team, good bless you ^_^






The New Dirty War for Africa's uranium and mineral rights


Today, Friday 13 April at 23:33 WIB, Me releases a collection of documents that open up a corrupt multi-billion dollar war by Western and Chinese companies grab uranium and other mining rights in the Central African Republic (CAR) and escape paying for the environmental consequences. Among the hundreds of pages in this publication are detailed maps of mining rights, mining contracts with illegal kickbacks and secret investigative reports. The documents have been long sought by fraud investigators. In December 2015 a case was filed against Areva, alleging corruption related to the €1.8 billion purchase of three uranium mines in 2007.

Effective oversight process by the local authorities is subverted either by duping state officials with deceiving front companies, such as the UN registered World Sports Alliance (WSA), now recycled into a cover for mining companies, or by corrupting them through the payment of 'cash bonuses'. After a profitable exploitation of resources, companies such as Areva – a French multinational group specialising in nuclear power – abandon the country, leaving behind nuclear contamination without having launched any of the promised investments.




Map Resource Carthography

The mining sector in Central African Republic: an overall view

These documents provide a 360 degrees view on the mining sector and its relationships with one of the poorest countries in the world, Central African Republic, showing the numerous schemes put in place to avoid legal, impositive, social and environmental obligations by the mining companies and the growing difficulties of the states to implement their decisions.


Mapping Mr. Nola Mbaiki M.Sc.


AREVA and URAMIN scandal

The most powerful nuclear company in the world, AREVA, abandoned its Central African Republic exploitation without having launched any of the promised investments after an enormous political and financial scandal, amidst a social and environmental crisis, with skyrocketing radioactivity levels (up to 30 times the natural radioactivity in the zone) and literally transporting its former employees back to their homes like cattle. The following documents show the constant disdain of the company towards Central African Republic institutions and its population, and the neocolonial conditions of exploitation of its mines in Africa.

AREVA Confidental Document :

http://downloads.ziddu.com/download/25325932/AREVA_DOCUMENT.rar.html

Note PTI-IAS, China Mining Company :

http://downloads.ziddu.com/download/25325954/CAR_Note_PTI_IAS.pdf.html

AREVA Mining Activity :

http://downloads.ziddu.com/download/25325957/CAR_Mining_Activity_2013.pdf.html

Corruption and legal violations in the Central African Republic mining sector: international list of companies responsible


This list shows in a very efficient way which companies intervene in the mining sector in CAR and how most of them violate their obligations toward the state, having corrupted its officials through "bonuses", paid most of the time in cash.

http://downloads.ziddu.com/download/25325936/Draft_Letter_Mining_Permits.pdf.html

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